Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness, with the caseload expected to have reached 111.8 million across the globe by 2024. The condition is highly prevalent in Africa and Asia.
Around 11.2 million people above the age of 40 are affected by glaucoma in India. Concerningly, more than 70 per cent of the cases remain undiagnosed. The condition is considered a public health concern in the country.
Dr Shikha Fogla, a senior consultant ophthalmologist at Apollo Hospitals Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, explained the ailment, its causes, symptoms and treatment.
What is glaucoma?
“Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic Ophthalmologistnerve , essential for good vision. The damage is often caused by high pressure in the eye, known as intraocular pressure,” Dr Shikha said.
The most dangerous thing about glaucoma is that it typically progresses without noticeable symptoms in its early stages and is often called the ‘silent thief of sight.’
Common types of glaucoma
There are several types of glaucoma, but the most common is primary open-angle glaucoma, where the eye’s drainage canals become clogged over time. One of the ailment’s types, called angle-closure glaucoma, is more likely to cause loss of vision than open angle glaucoma (OAG).
Causes of glaucoma
“The main causes of glaucoma include age (especially those over 40), a family history of glaucoma, diabetes, prolonged use of steroid medications and conditions like hypertension. Certain ethnicities, including people of African or Asian descent, are also at higher risk,” Dr Shikha said.
Symptoms
In terms of symptoms, early-stage glaucoma may not cause any signs at all.
Dr Shikha explained the outcomes of glaucoma, which progress without much difficulty for the individuals.
“As the disease progresses, individuals may notice blind spots in their peripheral vision. In acute angle-closure glaucoma, symptoms can include severe eye pain, headache, blurred vision and seeing halos around light, which requires immediate medical attention to prevent permanent vision loss,” she said.
Treatments for glaucoma
The treatment facilities for glaucoma have rapidly advanced in recent years.
The aim of the treatment is to lower intraocular pressure and prevent further damage to the optic nerve. Depending on the type and severity, treatment may include prescription eye drops, oral medications, laser therapy or surgical procedures to improve fluid drainage from the eye.
“Glaucoma is a lifelong condition, but early detection and consistent management can help preserve vision. That’s why regular eye check-ups, especially for those over 40 or at higher risk, are crucial. Glaucoma may be silent, but with awareness and timely intervention, we can prevent it from becoming a thief of sight,” Dr Shikha said.
